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==1.0 CHAPTER 1: THE GARD GUIDE==
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__notoc__
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1.1 Introduction
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[[Summary|'''Executive Summary''']]
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1.2 ARD Management - The Business Case
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1.3 Scope and Objectives of the GARD Guide
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1.4 Relation to other guides
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[[Chapter_1|'''1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide''']]
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1.5 Approach of the GARD Guide
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:[[Chapter_1#1.1 Introduction|1.1 Introduction]]
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1.5.1 ARD/NMD/SD
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::[[Chapter_1#1.1.1 Acid Rock Drainage|1.1.1 Acid Rock Drainage]]
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1.5.2 Mine Phase
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:[[Chapter_1#1.2 Acid Rock Drainage Management - The Business Case|1.2 Acid Rock Drainage Management – The Business Case]]
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1.5.3 Facility
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:[[Chapter_1#1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide|1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide]]
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1.5.4 Climate
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::[[Chapter_1#1.3.1 Scope|1.3.1 Scope]]
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1.5.5 Commodity
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::[[Chapter_1#1.3.2 Objectives|1.3.2 Objectives]]
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1.6 Sustainability
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:[[Chapter_1#1.4 Relation to Other Guides|1.4 Relation to Other Guides]]
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1.7 Layout and How to Use
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:[[Chapter_1#1.5 Approach of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide|1.5 Approach of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide]]
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==2.0 CHAPTER 2: THE ARD PROCESS (RENS VERBURG)==
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:[[Chapter_1#1.6 Application to Mine Phase|1.6 Application to Mine Phase]]
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2.1 Definition of ARD and Key Terms
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:[[Chapter_1#1.7 The Sustainable Development Approach|1.7 The Sustainable Development Approach]]
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2.2 History and Impacts of ARD
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:[[Chapter_1#1.8 Layout and How to Use the Guide|1.8 Layout and How to Use the Guide]]
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2.3 Implications of ARD to companies, governments and public
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::[[Chapter_1#1.8.1 Layout|1.8.1 Layout]]
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2.4 The Acid Generation Process
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::[[Chapter_1#1.8.2 How to Use the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide|1.8.2 How to Use the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide]]
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2.4.1 The Sulphur Cycle and Weathering Products
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:[[Chapter_1#1.9 Chapter References|1.9 Chapter References]]
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2.4.2 ARD Process & Migration
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:[[Chapter_1#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
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2.5 Neutral and Saline Mine Drainage
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:[[Chapter_1#List of Appendices|List of Appendices]]
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2.6 References
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==3.0 CHAPTER 3: CORPORATE, REGULATORY AND COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK (JOHN WATES)==
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[[#top|Top of this page]]
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3.1 Introduction
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3.2 GARD- Guide Road Map
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[[Chapter_2|'''2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process''']]
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3.3 Corporate Guidance
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:[[Chapter_2#2.1 Introduction|2.1 Introduction]]
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3.4 Sustainability Considerations
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:[[Chapter_2#2.2 Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage|2.2 Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage]]
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3.5 Regulatory Guidance
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:[[Chapter_2#2.3 History of Acid Rock Drainage|2.3 History of Acid Rock Drainage]]
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3.5.1 Global Regulatory Guidance
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:[[Chapter_2#2.4 The Acid Generation Process|2.4 The Acid Generation Process]]
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3.5.2 Country Regulatory Guidance
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::[[Introduction to Coal Mine Drainage]]
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3.5.2.1 Australia
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:::[[Introduction to Coal Mine Drainage#C2.1 Introduction|C2.1 Introduction]]
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3.5.2.2 Canada
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:::[[Introduction to Coal Mine Drainage#C2.2. Pyrite in Sedimentary Strata|C2.2. Pyrite in Sedimentary Strata]]
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3.5.2.3 Chile
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:::[[Introduction to Coal Mine Drainage#C2.3 Carbonate Minerals in Coal-bearing Strata|C2.3 Carbonate Minerals in Coal-bearing Strata]]
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3.5.2.4 China
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:::[[Introduction to Coal Mine Drainage#C2.4. How Geology Affects Coal Mine Drainage Quality|C2.4. How Geology Affects Coal Mine Drainage Quality]]
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3.5.2.5 EU
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3.5.2.6 Indonesia
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::[[Chapter_2#2.4.1 Characteristics of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage|2.4.1 Characteristics of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage]]
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3.5.2.7 Peru
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::[[Chapter_2#2.4.2 The Global and Geochemical Sulphur Cycles|2.4.2 The Global and Geochemical Sulphur Cycles]]
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3.5.2.8 Russia
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::[[Chapter_2#2.4.3 Acid Rock Drainage Sources|2.4.3 Acid Rock Drainage Sources]]
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3.5.2.9 South Africa
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::[[Chapter_2#2.4.4 The Sulphide Oxidation Process|2.4.4 The Sulphide Oxidation Process]]
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3.5.2.10 USA
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::[[Chapter_2#2.4.5 Reaction Products from Sulphide Oxidation|2.4.5 Reaction Products from Sulphide Oxidation]]
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3.5.2.11 Others
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::[[Chapter_2#2.4.6 Neutralization Reactions|2.4.6 Neutralization Reactions]]
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3.6 Mine Phase Considerations
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::[[Chapter_2#2.4.7 The Acid Rock Drainage Process and Migration|2.4.7 The Acid Rock Drainage Process and Migration]]
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3.6.1.1 Exploration
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:[[Chapter_2#2.5 Concluding Statement|2.5 Concluding Statement]]
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3.6.1.2 Assessment
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:[[Chapter_2#2.6 References|2.6 References]]
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3.6.1.3 Design
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:[[Chapter_2#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
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3.6.1.4 Construction
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:[[Chapter_2#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
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3.6.1.5 Operation
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3.6.1.6 Closure
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[[#top|Top of this page]]
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3.6.1.7 Post Closure
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3.7 Neutral and Saline Mine Drainage
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[[Chapter_3|'''3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework''']]
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3.8 ARD Guidance FAQ's
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:[[Chapter_3#3.1 Framework for Management of Acid Rock Drainage|3.1 Framework for Management of Acid Rock Drainage]]
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3.9 References
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:[[Chapter_3#3.2 Corporate Guidance|3.2 Corporate Guidance]]
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==4.0 CHAPTER 4: DEFINING THE PROBLEM – CHARACTERIZATION (DEVIN CASTENDYK)==
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::[[Chapter_3#3.2.1 Newmont|3.2.1 Newmont]]
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4.1 Introduction
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::[[Chapter_3#3.2.2 Rio Tinto|3.2.2 Rio Tinto]]
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4.2 Problem Definition Approach and Site Characterization
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::[[Chapter_3#3.2.3 Relationship to Other Requirements and Issues|3.2.3 Relationship to Other Requirements and Issues]]
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4.2.1 Exploration Phase
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:[[Chapter_3#3.3 Sustainability and Community Considerations|3.3 Sustainability and Community Considerations]]
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4.2.2 Assessment Phase
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:[[Chapter_3#3.4 Global Regulatory Guidance|3.4 Global Regulatory Guidance]]
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4.2.3 Mine Design Phase
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:[[Chapter_3#3.5 Country Regulatory Guidance|3.5 Country Regulatory Guidance]]
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4.2.4 Construction and Operation Phase
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.1 Commonalities in the Regulatory Regimes|3.5.1 Commonalities in the Regulatory Regimes]]
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4.2.5 Closure Phase
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.2 United States of America and its States|3.5.2 United States of America and its States]]
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4.2.6 Post Closure Phase
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.3 Canada and its Provinces and Territories|3.5.3 Canada and its Provinces and Territories]]
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4.3 Characterization Methods
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.4 Australia, its States and Territories|3.5.4 Australia, its States and Territories]]
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4.3.1 Sampling
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.5 European Union (EU)|3.5.5 European Union (EU)]]
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4.3.2 Geophysical methods
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.6 South Africa|3.5.6 South Africa]]
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4.3.3 Remote Sensing
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.7 New Zealand|3.5.7 New Zealand]]
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4.4 Characterization of Potential Sources of ARD, NMD and SD
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.8 Brazil|3.5.8 Brazil]]
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4.5 Commodity Specific Considerations
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::[[Chapter_3#3.5.9 Indonesia|3.5.9 Indonesia]]
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4.6 Approach for Risk Assessment Applied to ARD
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:[[Chapter_3#3.6 Risk Considerations|3.6 Risk Considerations]]
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4.7 ARD Problem Definition FAQ's
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:[[Chapter_3#3.7 References|3.7 References]]
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4.8 Chapter Conclusions
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:[[Chapter_3#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
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4.9 References
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:[[Chapter_3#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
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==5.0 CHAPTER 5: PREDICTION (KIRK NORDSTROM)==
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5.1 Introduction
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5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program
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[[#top|Top of this page]]
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5.3 The ARD Prediction Approach
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5.4 Relevance of ARD Source
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[[Chapter_4|'''4.0 Defining the Problem - Characterization''']]
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5.5 Consideration of ARD Factors
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:[[Chapter_4#4.1 Introduction|4.1 Introduction]]
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5.6 Climatic Factors
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:[[Chapter_4#4.2 Site Characterization Approach|4.2 Site Characterization Approach]]
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5.7 ARD , Metal Leaching and Sulphate Production
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::[[Chapter_4#4.2.1 Mine Life Cycle Phases|4.2.1 Mine Life Cycle Phases]]
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5.8 Data Needs for Prediction
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::[[Chapter_4#4.2.2 Sources of Acid Rock Drainage|4.2.2 Sources of Acid Rock Drainage]]
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5.9 Prediction Tools
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::[[Chapter_4#4.2.3 Conceptual Site Model Development|4.2.3 Conceptual Site Model Development]]
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5.9.1 Geology and Lithological Considerations
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:[[Chapter_4#4.3 Components of Site Characterization|4.3 Components of Site Characterization]]
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5.9.2 Mineralogical Investigations
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::[[Chapter_4#4.3.1 Geo-environmental Models|4.3.1 Geo-environmental Models]]
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5.9.3 Field Measurements and Assessments
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::[[Chapter_4#4.3.2 Source Material Geochemical Characterization|4.3.2 Source Material Geochemical Characterization]]
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5.9.4 Geophysical Investigations
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::[[Chapter_4#4.3.3 Watershed Characterization|4.3.3 Watershed Characterization]]
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5.9.5 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations
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:::[[Chapter_4#4.3.3.1 The Hydrologic Cycle|4.3.3.1 The Hydrologic Cycle]]
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5.9.6 Overview of Testing Methods
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:::[[Chapter_4#4.3.3.2 Water Balance|4.3.3.2 Water Balance]]
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5.9.6.1 Static Methods
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:::[[Chapter_4#4.3.3.3 Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Environment|4.3.3.3 Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Environment]]
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5.9.6.2 Kinetic Methods
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:::[[Chapter_4#4.3.3.4 Biological Receptors|4.3.3.4 Biological Receptors]]
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5.10 Geochemical Modeling of ARD for Characterization and Remediation
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:[[Chapter_4#4.4 Summary|4.4 Summary]]
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5.11 Relation to ARD Mitigation Methods
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:[[Chapter_4#4.5 References|4.5 References]]
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5.12 Evaluation Approaches
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:[[Chapter_4#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
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5.12.1 NMD and Saline Drainage Considerations
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:[[Chapter_4#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
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5.12.2 Scale-up Considerations
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−
5.12.3 "Yes/no" Prediction
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−
5.12.4 Quantitative ARD Prediction
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[[#top|Top of this page]]
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5.13 Certainty of Prediction
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5.14 Usefulness and Limitations of Geochemical Modeling
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[[Chapter_5|'''5.0 Prediction''']]
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5.15 ARD Prediction FAQ's
+
__notoc__
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5.16 References
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:[[Chapter_5#5.1 Introduction|5.1 Introduction]]
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==6.0 CHAPTER 6: PREVENTION AND MITIGATION (WARD WILSON)==
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::[[Introduction to CMD Prediction]]
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6.1 Introduction
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:[[Chapter_5#5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program|5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program]]
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6.2 Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation
+
:[[Chapter_5#5.3 The Prediction Approach|5.3 The Prediction Approach]]
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6.3 The ARD Prevention and Mitigation Approach
+
::[[Chapter_5#5.3.1 Acid Rock Drainage/Metal Leaching Characterization|5.3.1 Acid Rock Drainage/Metal Leaching Characterization]]
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6.4 Relevance of ARD Source
+
::[[Chapter_5#5.3.2 Prediction during Different Phases of the Mine Life|5.3.2 Prediction during Different Phases of the Mine Life]]
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6.5 Consideration of ARD Factors
+
::[[Chapter_5#5.3.3 Water Quality Prediction|5.3.3 Water Quality Prediction]]
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6.6 ARD and Metal Leaching and Sulphate Production
+
:[[Chapter_5b#5.4 Prediction Tools|5.4 Prediction Tools]]
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6.7 Climatic and Other Factors
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.1 Introduction|5.4.1 Introduction]]
−
6.8 Phased Approach
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.2 Geological and Lithological Investigations|5.4.2 Geological and Lithological Investigations]]
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6.9 Overview of Methods
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.3 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations|5.4.3 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations]]
−
6.9.1 Remining
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.4 Introduction to Geochemical Characterization|5.4.4 Introduction to Geochemical Characterization]]
−
6.9.2 Special Handling Methods
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.5 Sample Storage and Preparation Prior to Analysis|5.4.5 Sample Storage and Preparation Prior to Analysis]]
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6.9.2.1 Incorporation in Mine Plan
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.6 Summary of Testing Requirements|5.4.6 Summary of Testing Requirements]]
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6.9.2.2 Segregation
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::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.7 Physical Characteristics|5.4.7 Physical Characteristics]]
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6.9.2.3 Desulphidization
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.8 Total and Near-Total Solid-Phase Elemental Concentration|5.4.8 Total and Near-Total Solid-Phase Elemental Concentration]]
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6.9.2.4 Compaction and Physical Tailings Conditioning
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.9 Mineralogical Properties|5.4.9 Mineralogical Properties]]
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6.9.2.5 Encapsulation and Layering
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.10 Net Acid or ARD Potential|5.4.10 Net Acid or ARD Potential]]
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6.9.2.6 Blending
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.11 Short-Term Leach Tests|5.4.11 Short-Term Leach Tests]]
−
6.9.2.7 Co-disposal
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.12 Laboratory Kinetic Tests|5.4.12 Laboratory Kinetic Tests]]
−
6.9.2.8 Permafrost and Freezing
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.13 Field Methods|5.4.13 Field Methods]]
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6.9.3 Additions and Amendment Methods
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.14 Data Management|5.4.14 Data Management]]
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6.9.3.1 Passivation
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.15 Quality Assurance/Quality Control|5.4.15 Quality Assurance/Quality Control]]
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6.9.3.2 Alkaline materials
+
::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.16 Screening and Evaluation Criteria|5.4.16 Screening and Evaluation Criteria]]
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6.9.3.3 Organics
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::[[Chapter_5b#5.4.17 Reporting|5.4.17 Reporting]]
−
6.9.3.4 Bactericides
+
:[[Chapter_5c#5.5 Modeling of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage for Characterization and Remediation|5.5 Modeling of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage for Characterization and Remediation]]
−
6.9.4 Water Management Methods
+
::[[Chapter_5c#5.5.1 Introduction|5.5.1 Introduction]]
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6.9.4.1 Hydrodynamic controls
+
::[[Chapter_5c#5.5.2 Geochemical Modeling|5.5.2 Geochemical Modeling]]
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6.9.4.2 Dewatering
+
::[[Chapter_5c#5.5.3 Hydrological Modeling|5.5.3 Hydrological Modeling]]
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6.9.4.3 Diversion
+
::[[Chapter_5c#5.5.4 Hydrogeological Modeling|5.5.4 Hydrogeological Modeling]]
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6.9.4.4 Filling
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::[[Chapter_5c#5.5.5 Gas Transport Modeling|5.5.5 Gas Transport Modeling]]
−
6.9.4.5 Seals
+
::[[Chapter_5c#5.5.6 Statistical Evaluation|5.5.6 Statistical Evaluation]]
−
6.9.5 Dry Cover Methods
+
:[[Chapter_5c#5.6 Conclusions|5.6 Conclusions]]
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6.9.5.1 Organic
+
:[[Chapter_5c#5.7 References|5.7 References]]
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6.9.5.2 Soil
+
:[[Chapter_5c#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
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6.9.5.3 Limestone and Alkaline
+
:[[Chapter_5c#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
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6.9.5.4 Synthetic
+
 
−
6.9.5.5 Gas
+
[[#top|Top of this page]]
−
6.9.5.6 Vegetation
+
 
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6.9.6 Water Cover Methods
+
[[Chapter_6|'''6.0 Prevention And Mitigation''']]
−
6.9.6.1 Subaqueous
+
__notoc__
−
6.9.6.2 Partial water cover
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.1 Introduction|6.1 Introduction]]
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6.9.6.3 Wetland covers
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:[[Chapter_6#6.2 Goals and Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation|6.2 Goals and Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation]]
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6.9.7 Impact Mitigation
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.3 Approach to Acid Rock Drainage Prevention and Mitigation|6.3 Approach to Acid Rock Drainage Prevention and Mitigation]]
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6.9.7.1 Attenuation
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.4 Drivers of Acid Rock Drainage|6.4 Drivers of Acid Rock Drainage]]
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6.9.7.2 Dispersion
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.4.1 Physical Factors|6.4.1 Physical Factors]]
−
6.9.7.3 Stream Flow Regulation
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.4.2 Geochemical Weathering Processes|6.4.2 Geochemical Weathering Processes]]
−
6.9.7.4 Water recycle and reuse
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.4.3 Climate and Physical Environment|6.4.3 Climate and Physical Environment]]
−
6.10 Secondary Impacts
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.5 Phased Approach|6.5 Phased Approach]]
−
6.11 Evaluation of Alternatives
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.6 Overview of Best Practice Methods|6.6 Overview of Best Practice Methods]]
−
6.12 Design and Construction Considerations
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.6.1 Avoidance|6.6.1 Avoidance]]
−
6.13 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.6.2 Re-mining|6.6.2 Re-mining]]
−
6.14 Closure and Long-term Considerations
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.6.3 Special Handling Methods|6.6.3 Special Handling Methods]]
−
6.15 ARD Prevention and Mitigation FAQ's
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.6.4 Additions and Amendment Methods|6.6.4 Additions and Amendment Methods]]
−
6.16 References
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.6.5 Water Management Methods|6.6.5 Water Management Methods]]
−
==7.0 CHAPTER 7: DRAINAGE TREATMENT (ANDRE VAN NIEKERK)==
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.6.6 Engineered Barriers|6.6.6 Engineered Barriers]]
−
7.1 Introduction
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.6.7 Water Cover Methods|6.6.7 Water Cover Methods]]
−
7.2 Objectives of Drainage Treatment
+
::[[Chapter_6#6.6.8 Drained / Sub-Aerial Tailings Deposition Methods|6.6.8 Drained / Sub-Aerial Tailings Deposition Methods]]
−
7.3 The ARD Treatment Approach
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.7 Selection and Evaluation of Alternatives|6.7 Selection and Evaluation of Alternatives]]
−
7.4 Mine Drainage Collection
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.8 Design and Construction Considerations|6.8 Design and Construction Considerations]]
−
7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.9 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations|6.9 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations]]
−
7.5.1 Active Treatment
+
:[[Chapter_6#6.10 References|6.10 References]]
−
7.5.2 Passive treatment technologies
+
:[[Chapter_6#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
−
7.5.3 Treatment residues and wastes
+
:[[Chapter_6#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
−
7.6 Recovery of useful products
+
 
−
7.7 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies
+
[[#top|Top of this page]]
−
7.8 Frequently asked Questions
+
 
−
7.9 References
+
[[Chapter_7|7.0 Drainage Treatment]]
−
==8.0 CHAPTER 8: MONITORING (PETER CHAPMAN)==
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.1 Introduction|7.1 Introduction]]
−
8.1 Introduction
+
::[[Chapter_7#7.1.1 Risk-based approach|7.1.1 Risk-based approach]]
−
8.2 Objectives of Monitoring
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.2 Objectives of Mine Drainage Treatment|7.2 Objectives of Mine Drainage Treatment]]
−
8.3 The ARD Monitoring Approach
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.3 Mine Drainage Treatment|7.3 Mine Drainage Treatment]]
−
8.3.1 Risk Based Framework
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.4 Drainage Sources, Collection and Management|7.4 Drainage Sources, Collection and Management]]
−
8.3.2 Monitoring Components
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies|7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies]]
−
8.4 Problem Formulation
+
::[[Chapter_7#7.5.1 Active Treatment Technologies|7.5.1 Active Treatment Technologies]]
−
8.4.1 Site Definition
+
:::[[Aeration systems for treating CMD]]
−
8.4.2 Contaminants of Potential Concern (COPCs)
+
::[[Chapter_7#7.5.2 Passive Treatment Technologies|7.5.2 Passive Treatment Technologies]]
−
8.4.3 Receptors of Potential Concern (ROPCs)
+
:::[[History of Passive Treatment]]
−
8.4.4 Assessment and Measurement Endpoints
+
::[[Chapter_7#7.5.3 In situ Treatment Technologies|7.5.3 In situ Treatment Technologies]]
−
8.4.5 Reference Areas/Locations
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.6 Treatment Residues and Wastes|7.6 Treatment Residues and Wastes]]
−
8.4.6 Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.7 Recovery of Useful Products|7.7 Recovery of Useful Products]]
−
8.4.7 Risk Hypotheses
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.8 Treatment in the Context of Mine Closure and Post Closure|7.8 Treatment in the Context of Mine Closure and Post Closure]]
−
8.4.8 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.9 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies|7.9 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies]]
−
8.5 Overview of Monitoring Approaches
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.10 Case Studies|7.10 Case Studies]]
−
8.5.1 Implementation Considerations
+
:[[Chapter_7#7.11 References|7.11 References]]
−
8.5.1.1 Health and Safety
+
:[[Chapter_7#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
−
8.5.1.2 Freshwater, Estuarine and Saline Receiving Environments
+
:[[Chapter_7#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
−
8.5.1.3 Source/Near- / Far-Field Monitoring
+
 
−
8.5.2 Discharge monitoring
+
[[#top|Top of this page]]
−
8.5.3 Reference Comparisons
+
 
−
8.5.3.1 Upstream-Downstream
+
[[Chapter_8|8.0 Monitoring]]
−
8.5.3.2 Gradient Monitoring Design
+
:[[Chapter_8#8.1 Introduction|8.1 Introduction]]
−
8.5.3.3 Reference Condition Design
+
:[[Chapter_8#8.2 Objectives of Monitoring|8.2 Objectives of Monitoring]]
−
8.5.4 Exposure Assessment
+
:[[Chapter_8#8.3 The Acid Rock Drainage Monitoring Approach|8.3 The Acid Rock Drainage Monitoring Approach]]
−
8.5.4.1 Data Collection
+
::[[Chapter_8#8.3.1 Conceptual and Dynamic System Model Development|8.3.1 Conceptual and Dynamic System Model Development]]
−
8.5.4.2 Comparison to Chemical Guidelines
+
::[[Chapter_8#8.3.2 Risk Based Approach to Monitoring Program Development|8.3.2 Risk Based Approach to Monitoring Program Development]]
−
8.5.4.3 Mercury Biomagnification
+
::[[Chapter_8#8.3.3 Monitoring Program Development|8.3.3 Monitoring Program Development]]
−
8.5.4.4 Environmental Fate
+
::[[Chapter_8#8.3.4 Data Management and Interpretation|8.3.4 Data Management and Interpretation]]
−
8.5.5 Effects Assessment
+
::[[Chapter_8#8.3.5 Auditing|8.3.5 Auditing]]
−
8.5.5.1 Bioavailability
+
:[[Chapter_8#8.4 Monitoring Program Components|8.4 Monitoring Program Components]]
−
8.5.5.2 Toxicity Testing
+
::[[Chapter_8#8.4.1 Acid Rock Drainage Sources|8.4.1 Acid Rock Drainage Sources]]
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8.5.5.3 Resident Community Structure Alteration
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::[[Chapter_8#8.4.2 Pathways|8.4.2 Pathways]]
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8.5.5.4 Investigation of Causation
+
::[[Chapter_8#8.4.3 Mitigation Measures|8.4.3 Mitigation Measures]]
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8.5.5.5 The Value of Integrated Assessments
+
::[[Chapter_8#8.4.4 Receptors|8.4.4 Receptors]]
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8.5.6 Risk Characterisation
+
:[[Chapter_8#8.5 Closure and Long-Term Considerations|8.5 Closure and Long-Term Considerations]]
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8.5.7 Uncertainty
+
:[[Chapter_8#8.6 References and Further Reading|8.6 References and Further Reading]]
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8.5.8 Monitoring and Management
+
:[[Chapter_8#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
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8.6 Monitoring Specifics
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:[[Chapter_8#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
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8.6.1 Sampling
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:[[Chapter_8#List of Photos|List of Photos]]
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8.6.2 Analysis
+
 
−
8.6.3 QAQC Considerations
+
[[#top|Top of this page]]
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8.6.3.1 Data Generation and Acquisition
+
 
−
8.6.3.2 Data Management
+
[[Chapter_9|9.0 Acid Rock Drainage Management and Peformance Assessment]]
−
8.6.3.3 Data Verification, Validation and Usability
+
:[[Chapter_9#9.1 Introduction|9.1 Introduction]]
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8.6.3.4 Performance Assessment and Oversight
+
:[[Chapter_9#9.2 Developing Acid Rock Drainage Management Plans|9.2 Developing Acid Rock Drainage Management Plans]]
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8.7 ARD Monitoring FAQ's
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.2.1 Sustainability Considerations|9.2.1 Sustainability Considerations]]
−
8.8 References
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.2.2 Mine Life Cycle Considerations|9.2.2 Mine Life Cycle Considerations]]
−
==9.0 CHAPTER 9: MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT (KAREN CLARKE-WHISTLER/ANDY ROBERTSON)==
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.2.3 Acid Rock Drainage Control – a Multidisciplinary Task|9.2.3 Acid Rock Drainage Control – a Multidisciplinary Task]]
−
9.1
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.2.4 ARD Maturity and the Mine-Life Cycle|9.2.4 ARD Maturity and the Mine-Life Cycle]]
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9.1.1 Management
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.2.5 Design for Closure|9.2.5 Design for Closure]]
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9.1.2 Performance Assessment (PA)
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.2.6 Engineering Design Process|9.2.6 Engineering Design Process]]
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9.2 Designing for Closure
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.2.7 Risk Assessment, Management, and Contingency Plans|9.2.7 Risk Assessment, Management, and Contingency Plans]]
−
9.3 Disciplines, Knowledge and Experience Requirements
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.2.8 Monitoring Performance and Assessment of Success|9.2.8 Monitoring Performance and Assessment of Success]]
−
9.4 Developing an ARD Management Plan (MP)
+
:[[Chapter_9#9.3 Implementing the Acid Rock Drainage Management Plan|9.3 Implementing the Acid Rock Drainage Management Plan]]
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9.4.1 Defining the Problem
+
::[[Mt._Milligan_Project|Mt. Milligan Project Mini Case Study]]
−
9.4.2 ARD, NMD and Saline Drainage
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.3.1 Integrating Acid Rock Drainage Management into Mine and Process Operations|9.3.1 Integrating Acid Rock Drainage Management into Mine and Process Operations]]
−
9.4.3 Gathering Data and Information
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.3.2 Management System Roles and Responsibilities|9.3.2 Management System Roles and Responsibilities]]
−
9.4.4 Generating Multiple Solutions
+
:[[Chapter_9#9.4 Long-Term Considerations|9.4 Long-Term Considerations]]
−
9.4.5 Analyzing and Selecting a Solution
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.4.1 Design Horizon|9.4.1 Design Horizon]]
−
9.4.5.1 Modelling and Assessment
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.4.2 Long-Term Resources|9.4.2 Long-Term Resources]]
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9.4.5.2 Selecting a Solution
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::[[Chapter_9#9.4.3 Information/Institutional Knowledge Retention|9.4.3 Information/Institutional Knowledge Retention]]
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9.4.6 Testing the Solution
+
::[[Chapter_9#9.4.4 Changing Standards/Stakeholder Needs and Expectations|9.4.4 Changing Standards/Stakeholder Needs and Expectations]]
−
9.4.6.1 Testing Assumptions and Designs
+
:[[Chapter_9#9.5 References|9.5 References]]
−
9.4.6.2 Risk Assessment and Management
+
:[[Chapter_9#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
−
9.4.7 Assembling the ARD Management Plan
+
:[[Chapter_9#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
−
9.5 Implementing the ARD Management Plan
+
 
−
9.5.1 Mine Planning and Design
+
[[#top|Top of this page]]
−
9.5.2 Construction
+
 
−
9.5.3 Operations
+
[[Chapter_10|10.0 Acid Rock Drainage Communication and Consulting]]
−
9.5.4 Monitoring Performance
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.1 Introduction|10.1 Introduction]]
−
9.5.5 Adjusting and Modifying the Plan
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.2 Why Communicate and Consult about Acid Rock Drainage?| 10.2 Why Communicate and Consult about Acid Rock Drainage?]]
−
9.5.5.1 Data Retention
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.2.1 Stakeholder Perceptions about Acid Rock Drainage|10.2.1 Stakeholder Perceptions about Acid Rock Drainage]]
−
9.5.5.2 Closure Considerations
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.2.2 Benefits of Communication and Consultation about Acid Rock Drainage|10.2.2 Benefits of Communication and Consultation about Acid Rock Drainage]]
−
9.5.5.3 ARD Management FAQ's
+
:::[[General_Information_on_Metal_Leaching_and_Acid_Rock_Drainage|General Information on Metal Leaching and Acid Rock Drainage]]
−
9.5.5.4 References
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.3 Mining Disciplines Involved in Acid Rock Drainage Management and Communication|10.3 Mining Disciplines Involved in Acid Rock Drainage Management and Communication]]
−
==10.0 CHAPTER 10: ARD COMMUNICATION AND CONSULTATION (TISHA GREYLING)==
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.3.1 Integration of Functions|10.3.1 Integration of Functions]]
−
10.1 Introduction
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.4 Planning Communication and Consultation on Acid Rock Drainage|10.4 Planning Communication and Consultation on Acid Rock Drainage]]
−
10.2 The Business Case For Stakeholder Engagement
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.4.1 The Focus of Consulting and Communication|10.4.1 The Focus of Consulting and Communication]]
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10.2.1 Corporate social risk and consequences
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.4.2 Regulatory and Other Requirements for Communication and Consultation|10.4.2 Regulatory and Other Requirements for Communication and Consultation]]
−
10.2.2 Benefits of good stakeholder engagement
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.4.3 Tailor Objectives of Stakeholder Engagement to the Situation at Hand|10.4.3 Tailor Objectives of Stakeholder Engagement to the Situation at Hand|]]]]
−
10.2.3 The role of regulatory and other requirements
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.5 Communication and Consultation about Acid Rock Drainage for each Mining Phase|10.5 Communication and Consultation about Acid Rock Drainage for each Mining Phase]]
−
10.2.4 In-country laws
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.6 Good-Practice Principles and Approaches|10.6 Good-Practice Principles and Approaches]]
−
10.2.5 International conventions, guidelines and standards
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.6.1 Inclusive Engagement|10.6.1 Inclusive Engagement]]
−
10.2.6 Lenders’ requirements
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.6.2 Get in Early|10.6.2 Get in Early]]
−
10.3 Objectives Of Stakeholder Engagement
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.6.3 Be Respectful to People and Cultural Norms|10.6.3 Be Respectful to People and Cultural Norms]]
−
10.4 Good-Practice Principles And Approaches
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.6.4 Accessible and Transparent Information|10.6.4 Accessible and Transparent Information]]
−
10.4.1 Key principles and approaches
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.6.5 Ongoing Feedback and Acknowledgment|10.6.5 Ongoing Feedback and Acknowledgment]]
−
10.4.2 Identify stakeholders
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.6.6 Dispute Management and Resolution|10.6.6 Dispute Management and Resolution]]
−
10.4.3 Other principles
+
::[[Chapter_10#10.6.7 The Principles of Risk Communication|10.6.7 The Principles of Risk Communication]]
−
10.5 Effective Engagement
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.7 Responsibilities of Regulators|10.7 Responsibilities of Regulators]]
−
10.5.1 Within Companies
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.8 Guidelines for Acid Rock Drainage Reporting|10.8 Guidelines for Acid Rock Drainage Reporting]]
−
10.5.2 With Regulators
+
:[[Chapter_10#10.9 References|10.9 References]]
−
10.5.3 With Communities
+
:[[Chapter_10#List of Tables|List of Tables]]
−
10.5.4 With other stakeholders
+
:[[Chapter_10#List of Figures|List of Figures]]
−
10.5.5 Communication and Consultation by Regulators and Communities
+
 
−
10.6 Stakeholder Engagement For Each Mining Phase
+
[[#top|Top of this page]]
−
10.6.1 Exploration
+
 
−
10.6.2 Assessment
+
[[Chapter_11|11.0 ARD Management in the Future]]
−
10.6.3 Design
+
:[[Chapter_11#11.1 Introduction|11.1 Introduction]]
−
10.6.4 Construction
+
::[[Chapter_11#11.1.1 ARD through the Sustainable Development "Lens"|11.1.1 ARD through the Sustainable Development "Lens"]]
−
10.6.5 Operation
+
:[[Chapter_11#11.2 ARD Research and Management - Today and Tomorrow|11.2 ARD Research and Management - Today and Tomorrow]]
−
10.6.6 Closure and post-closure
+
::[[Chapter_11#11.2.1 History and Status of ARD Research and Management|11.2.1 History and Status of ARD Research and Management]]
−
10.7 Time, Resources and Costs
+
::[[Chapter_11#11.2.2 The Future of ARD Research and Management|11.2.2 The Future of ARD Research and Management]]
−
10.8 Roles And Responsibilities
+
:[[Chapter_11#11.3 Stakeholder Roles|11.3 Stakeholder Roles]]
−
10.8.1 The mining company
+
:[[Chapter_11# References| References]]
−
10.8.2 Government
+
 
−
10.8.3 Stakeholders
+
[[#top|Top of this page]]
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10.9 Evaluation and Reporting
+
 
−
10.9.1 Record-keeping
+
== [[GuideAppendices|Appendices]] ==
−
10.9.2 Evaluation
+
: [[Acronyms|Acronyms]]
−
10.9.3 Reporting to neighbours and in-country stakeholders
+
: [[Glossary|Glossary]]
−
10.9.4 Reporting internationally
+
<!-- : Units and Conversion Factors
−
10.10 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
+
: General Further Reading
−
10.11 References
+
: Case Studies Listing
−
==11.0 CHAPTER 11: ARD MANAGEMENT & SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK (BETH BELOFF)==
+
: ARD Consultant Terms of Reference -->
−
11.1 Introduction (brief, ~1/2 page)
+
 
−
11.2 Developing Industry, Regulatory and Community Approaches
+
[[#top|Top of this page]]
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11.3 Ongoing Research
+
 
−
11.4 Conferences and Training
+
 
−
11.5 ARD Technology FAQ's
+
<div style="text-align:center">'''[[Public_Comment|Click Here to Leave a Comment]]'''</div>
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12.0 REFERENCES
 

Latest revision as of 21:01, 22 July 2014

Executive Summary


1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Acid Rock Drainage
1.2 Acid Rock Drainage Management – The Business Case
1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.3.1 Scope
1.3.2 Objectives
1.4 Relation to Other Guides
1.5 Approach of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.6 Application to Mine Phase
1.7 The Sustainable Development Approach
1.8 Layout and How to Use the Guide
1.8.1 Layout
1.8.2 How to Use the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.9 Chapter References
List of Figures
List of Appendices

Top of this page

2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.3 History of Acid Rock Drainage
2.4 The Acid Generation Process
Introduction to Coal Mine Drainage
C2.1 Introduction
C2.2. Pyrite in Sedimentary Strata
C2.3 Carbonate Minerals in Coal-bearing Strata
C2.4. How Geology Affects Coal Mine Drainage Quality
2.4.1 Characteristics of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.4.2 The Global and Geochemical Sulphur Cycles
2.4.3 Acid Rock Drainage Sources
2.4.4 The Sulphide Oxidation Process
2.4.5 Reaction Products from Sulphide Oxidation
2.4.6 Neutralization Reactions
2.4.7 The Acid Rock Drainage Process and Migration
2.5 Concluding Statement
2.6 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework

3.1 Framework for Management of Acid Rock Drainage
3.2 Corporate Guidance
3.2.1 Newmont
3.2.2 Rio Tinto
3.2.3 Relationship to Other Requirements and Issues
3.3 Sustainability and Community Considerations
3.4 Global Regulatory Guidance
3.5 Country Regulatory Guidance
3.5.1 Commonalities in the Regulatory Regimes
3.5.2 United States of America and its States
3.5.3 Canada and its Provinces and Territories
3.5.4 Australia, its States and Territories
3.5.5 European Union (EU)
3.5.6 South Africa
3.5.7 New Zealand
3.5.8 Brazil
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.6 Risk Considerations
3.7 References
List of Tables
List of Figures


Top of this page

4.0 Defining the Problem - Characterization

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Site Characterization Approach
4.2.1 Mine Life Cycle Phases
4.2.2 Sources of Acid Rock Drainage
4.2.3 Conceptual Site Model Development
4.3 Components of Site Characterization
4.3.1 Geo-environmental Models
4.3.2 Source Material Geochemical Characterization
4.3.3 Watershed Characterization
4.3.3.1 The Hydrologic Cycle
4.3.3.2 Water Balance
4.3.3.3 Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Environment
4.3.3.4 Biological Receptors
4.4 Summary
4.5 References
List of Tables
List of Figures


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5.0 Prediction

5.1 Introduction
Introduction to CMD Prediction
5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program
5.3 The Prediction Approach
5.3.1 Acid Rock Drainage/Metal Leaching Characterization
5.3.2 Prediction during Different Phases of the Mine Life
5.3.3 Water Quality Prediction
5.4 Prediction Tools
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Geological and Lithological Investigations
5.4.3 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations
5.4.4 Introduction to Geochemical Characterization
5.4.5 Sample Storage and Preparation Prior to Analysis
5.4.6 Summary of Testing Requirements
5.4.7 Physical Characteristics
5.4.8 Total and Near-Total Solid-Phase Elemental Concentration
5.4.9 Mineralogical Properties
5.4.10 Net Acid or ARD Potential
5.4.11 Short-Term Leach Tests
5.4.12 Laboratory Kinetic Tests
5.4.13 Field Methods
5.4.14 Data Management
5.4.15 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
5.4.16 Screening and Evaluation Criteria
5.4.17 Reporting
5.5 Modeling of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage for Characterization and Remediation
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Geochemical Modeling
5.5.3 Hydrological Modeling
5.5.4 Hydrogeological Modeling
5.5.5 Gas Transport Modeling
5.5.6 Statistical Evaluation
5.6 Conclusions
5.7 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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6.0 Prevention And Mitigation

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Goals and Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation
6.3 Approach to Acid Rock Drainage Prevention and Mitigation
6.4 Drivers of Acid Rock Drainage
6.4.1 Physical Factors
6.4.2 Geochemical Weathering Processes
6.4.3 Climate and Physical Environment
6.5 Phased Approach
6.6 Overview of Best Practice Methods
6.6.1 Avoidance
6.6.2 Re-mining
6.6.3 Special Handling Methods
6.6.4 Additions and Amendment Methods
6.6.5 Water Management Methods
6.6.6 Engineered Barriers
6.6.7 Water Cover Methods
6.6.8 Drained / Sub-Aerial Tailings Deposition Methods
6.7 Selection and Evaluation of Alternatives
6.8 Design and Construction Considerations
6.9 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations
6.10 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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7.0 Drainage Treatment

7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Risk-based approach
7.2 Objectives of Mine Drainage Treatment
7.3 Mine Drainage Treatment
7.4 Drainage Sources, Collection and Management
7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies
7.5.1 Active Treatment Technologies
Aeration systems for treating CMD
7.5.2 Passive Treatment Technologies
History of Passive Treatment
7.5.3 In situ Treatment Technologies
7.6 Treatment Residues and Wastes
7.7 Recovery of Useful Products
7.8 Treatment in the Context of Mine Closure and Post Closure
7.9 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies
7.10 Case Studies
7.11 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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8.0 Monitoring

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Objectives of Monitoring
8.3 The Acid Rock Drainage Monitoring Approach
8.3.1 Conceptual and Dynamic System Model Development
8.3.2 Risk Based Approach to Monitoring Program Development
8.3.3 Monitoring Program Development
8.3.4 Data Management and Interpretation
8.3.5 Auditing
8.4 Monitoring Program Components
8.4.1 Acid Rock Drainage Sources
8.4.2 Pathways
8.4.3 Mitigation Measures
8.4.4 Receptors
8.5 Closure and Long-Term Considerations
8.6 References and Further Reading
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Photos

Top of this page

9.0 Acid Rock Drainage Management and Peformance Assessment

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Developing Acid Rock Drainage Management Plans
9.2.1 Sustainability Considerations
9.2.2 Mine Life Cycle Considerations
9.2.3 Acid Rock Drainage Control – a Multidisciplinary Task
9.2.4 ARD Maturity and the Mine-Life Cycle
9.2.5 Design for Closure
9.2.6 Engineering Design Process
9.2.7 Risk Assessment, Management, and Contingency Plans
9.2.8 Monitoring Performance and Assessment of Success
9.3 Implementing the Acid Rock Drainage Management Plan
Mt. Milligan Project Mini Case Study
9.3.1 Integrating Acid Rock Drainage Management into Mine and Process Operations
9.3.2 Management System Roles and Responsibilities
9.4 Long-Term Considerations
9.4.1 Design Horizon
9.4.2 Long-Term Resources
9.4.3 Information/Institutional Knowledge Retention
9.4.4 Changing Standards/Stakeholder Needs and Expectations
9.5 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

Top of this page

10.0 Acid Rock Drainage Communication and Consulting

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Why Communicate and Consult about Acid Rock Drainage?
10.2.1 Stakeholder Perceptions about Acid Rock Drainage
10.2.2 Benefits of Communication and Consultation about Acid Rock Drainage
General Information on Metal Leaching and Acid Rock Drainage
10.3 Mining Disciplines Involved in Acid Rock Drainage Management and Communication
10.3.1 Integration of Functions
10.4 Planning Communication and Consultation on Acid Rock Drainage
10.4.1 The Focus of Consulting and Communication
10.4.2 Regulatory and Other Requirements for Communication and Consultation
10.4.3 Tailor Objectives of Stakeholder Engagement to the Situation at Hand|]]
10.5 Communication and Consultation about Acid Rock Drainage for each Mining Phase
10.6 Good-Practice Principles and Approaches
10.6.1 Inclusive Engagement
10.6.2 Get in Early
10.6.3 Be Respectful to People and Cultural Norms
10.6.4 Accessible and Transparent Information
10.6.5 Ongoing Feedback and Acknowledgment
10.6.6 Dispute Management and Resolution
10.6.7 The Principles of Risk Communication
10.7 Responsibilities of Regulators
10.8 Guidelines for Acid Rock Drainage Reporting
10.9 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

Top of this page

11.0 ARD Management in the Future

11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 ARD through the Sustainable Development "Lens"
11.2 ARD Research and Management - Today and Tomorrow
11.2.1 History and Status of ARD Research and Management
11.2.2 The Future of ARD Research and Management
11.3 Stakeholder Roles
References

Top of this page

Appendices

Acronyms
Glossary

Top of this page


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