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1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Acid Rock Drainage
1.2 Acid Rock Drainage Management – The Business Case
1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.3.1 Scope
1.3.2 Objectives
1.4 Relation to Other Guides
1.5 Approach of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.6 Application to Mine Phase
1.7 The Sustainable Development Approach
1.8 Layout and How to Use the Guide
1.8.1 Layout
1.8.2 How to Use the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.9 Chapter References
List of Figures
List of Appendices

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2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.2.1 Definition of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.2.2 Natural vs Anthropogenic Drainage
2.3 History of Acid Rock Drainage
2.4 The Acid Generation Process
2.4.1 Characteristics of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.4.2 The Global and Geochemical Sulphur Cycles
2.4.3 Acid Rock Drainage Sources
2.4.4 The Sulphide Oxidation Process
2.4.5 Reaction Products from Sulphide Oxidation
2.4.6 Neutralization Reactions
2.4.7 The Acid Rock Drainage Process and Migration
2.4.7.1 Factors directly involved in rate of sulphide oxidation
2.4.7.2 Factors that modify drainage resulting from sulphide oxidation
2.4.7.3 Receiving environment
2.5 Concluding Statement
2.6 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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3.0 Chapter 3: Corporate, Regulatory And Community Framework (John Wates)

3.1 Introduction
3.2 GARD Guide Road Map
3.3 Corporate Guidance
3.4 Sustainability Considerations
3.5 Regulatory Guidance
3.5.1 Global Regulatory Guidance
3.5.2 Country Regulatory Guidance
3.5.2.1 Australia
3.5.2.2 Canada
3.5.2.3 Chile
3.5.2.4 China
3.5.2.5 EU
3.5.2.6 Indonesia
3.5.2.7 Peru
3.5.2.8 Russia
3.5.2.9 South Africa
3.5.2.10 USA
3.5.2.11 Others
3.6 Mine Phase Considerations
3.6.1 Assessment and early prediction
3.6.1.1 Exploration
3.6.1.2 Assessment
3.6.2 Monitoring, prevention, treatment and mitigation
3.6.1.3 Design
3.6.1.4 Construction
3.6.1.5 Operation
3.6.3 Long-term management measures
3.6.3.6 Closure
3.6.3.7 Post Closure
3.7 Neutral and Saline Mine Drainage
3.8 ARD Guidance FAQ's
3.9 References

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4.0 Chapter 4: Defining The Problem – Characterization (Devin Castendyk)

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Problem Definition Approach and Site Characterization
4.2.1 Exploration Phase
4.2.2 Assessment Phase
4.2.3 Mine Design Phase
4.2.4 Construction and Operation Phase
4.2.5 Closure Phase
4.2.6 Post Closure Phase
4.3 Characterization Methods
4.3.1 Sampling
4.3.2 Geophysical methods
4.3.3 Remote Sensing
4.4 Characterization of Potential Sources of ARD, NMD and SD
4.5 Commodity Specific Considerations
4.6 Approach for Risk Assessment Applied to ARD
4.7 ARD Problem Definition FAQ's
4.8 Chapter Conclusions
4.9 References

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5.0 Chapter 5: Prediction (Kirk Nordstrom)

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program
5.3 The ARD Prediction Approach
5.4 Relevance of ARD Source
5.5 Consideration of ARD Factors
5.6 Climatic Factors
5.7 ARD , Metal Leaching and Sulphate Production
5.8 Data Needs for Prediction
5.9 Prediction Tools
5.9.1 Geology and Lithological Considerations
5.9.2 Mineralogical Investigations
5.9.3 Field Measurements and Assessments
5.9.4 Geophysical Investigations
5.9.5 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations
5.9.6 Overview of Testing Methods
5.9.6.1 Static Methods
5.9.6.2 Kinetic Methods
5.10 Geochemical Modeling of ARD for Characterization and Remediation
5.11 Relation to ARD Mitigation Methods
5.12 Evaluation Approaches
5.12.1 NMD and Saline Drainage Considerations
5.12.2 Scale-up Considerations
5.12.3 "Yes/no" Prediction
5.12.4 Quantitative ARD Prediction
5.13 Certainty of Prediction
5.14 Usefulness and Limitations of Geochemical Modeling
5.15 ARD Prediction FAQ's
5.16 References

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6.0 Chapter 6: Prevention And Mitigation (Ward Wilson)

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation
6.3 The ARD Prevention and Mitigation Approach
6.4 Relevance of ARD Source
6.5 Consideration of ARD Factors
6.6 ARD and Metal Leaching and Sulphate Production
6.7 Climatic and Other Factors
6.8 Phased Approach
6.9 Overview of Methods
6.9.1 Remining
6.9.2 Special Handling Methods
6.9.2.1 Incorporation in Mine Plan
6.9.2.2 Segregation
6.9.2.3 Desulphidization
6.9.2.4 Compaction and Physical Tailings Conditioning
6.9.2.5 Encapsulation and Layering
6.9.2.6 Blending
6.9.2.7 Co-disposal
6.9.2.8 Permafrost and Freezing
6.9.3 Additions and Amendment Methods
6.9.3.1 Passivation
6.9.3.2 Alkaline materials
6.9.3.3 Organics
6.9.3.4 Bactericides
6.9.4 Water Management Methods
6.9.4.1 Hydrodynamic controls
6.9.4.2 Dewatering
6.9.4.3 Diversion
6.9.4.4 Filling
6.9.4.5 Seals
6.9.5 Dry Cover Methods
6.9.5.1 Organic
6.9.5.2 Soil
6.9.5.3 Limestone and Alkaline
6.9.5.4 Synthetic
6.9.5.5 Gas
6.9.5.6 Vegetation
6.9.6 Water Cover Methods
6.9.6.1 Subaqueous
6.9.6.2 Partial water cover
6.9.6.3 Wetland covers
6.9.7 Impact Mitigation
6.9.7.1 Attenuation
6.9.7.2 Dispersion
6.9.7.3 Stream Flow Regulation
6.9.7.4 Water recycle and reuse
6.10 Secondary Impacts
6.11 Evaluation of Alternatives
6.12 Design and Construction Considerations
6.13 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations
6.14 Closure and Long-term Considerations
6.15 ARD Prevention and Mitigation FAQ's
6.16 References

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7.0 Chapter 7: Drainage Treatment (Andre Van Niekerk)

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objectives of Drainage Treatment
7.3 The ARD Treatment Approach
7.4 Mine Drainage Collection
7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies
7.5.1 Active Treatment
7.5.2 Passive treatment technologies
7.5.3 Treatment residues and wastes
7.6 Recovery of useful products
7.7 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies
7.8 Frequently asked Questions
7.9 References

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8.0 Chapter 8: Monitoring (Peter Chapman)

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Objectives of Monitoring
8.3 The ARD Monitoring Approach
8.3.1 Risk Based Framework
8.3.2 Monitoring Components
8.4 Problem Formulation
8.4.1 Site Definition
8.4.2 Contaminants of Potential Concern (COPCs)
8.4.3 Receptors of Potential Concern (ROPCs)
8.4.4 Assessment and Measurement Endpoints
8.4.5 Reference Areas/Locations
8.4.6 Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
8.4.7 Risk Hypotheses
8.4.8 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)
8.5 Overview of Monitoring Approaches
8.5.1 Implementation Considerations
8.5.1.1 Health and Safety
8.5.1.2 Freshwater, Estuarine and Saline Receiving Environments
8.5.1.3 Source/Near-Field/Far-Field Monitoring
8.5.2 Discharge monitoring
8.5.3 Reference Comparisons
8.5.3.1 Upstream-Downstream
8.5.3.2 Gradient Monitoring Design
8.5.3.3 Reference Condition Design
8.5.4 Exposure Assessment
8.5.4.1 Data Collection
8.5.4.2 Comparison to Chemical Guidelines
8.5.4.3 Mercury Biomagnification
8.5.4.4 Environmental Fate
8.5.5 Effects Assessment
8.5.5.1 Bioavailability
8.5.5.2 Toxicity Testing
8.5.5.3 Resident Community Structure Alteration
8.5.5.4 Investigation of Causation
8.5.5.5 The Value of Integrated Assessments
8.5.6 Risk Characterisation
8.5.7 Uncertainty
8.5.8 Monitoring and Management
8.6 Monitoring Specifics
8.6.1 Sampling
8.6.2 Analysis
8.6.3 QAQC Considerations
8.6.3.1 Data Generation and Acquisition
8.6.3.2 Data Management
8.6.3.3 Data Verification, Validation and Usability
8.6.3.4 Performance Assessment and Oversight
8.7 ARD Monitoring FAQ's
8.8 References

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9.0 Chapter 9: Management And Performance Assessment (Karen Clarke-Whistler/Andy Robertson)

9.1 Managing and Assessing
9.1.1 Management
9.1.2 Performance Assessment (PA)
9.2 Designing for Closure
9.3 Disciplines, Knowledge and Experience Requirements
9.4 Developing an ARD Management Plan (MP)
9.4.1 Defining the Problem
9.4.2 ARD, NMD and Saline Drainage
9.4.3 Gathering Data and Information
9.4.4 Generating Multiple Solutions
9.4.5 Analyzing and Selecting a Solution
9.4.5.1 Modelling and Assessment
9.4.5.2 Selecting a Solution
9.4.6 Testing the Solution
9.4.6.1 Testing Assumptions and Designs
9.4.6.2 Risk Assessment and Management
9.4.7 Assembling the ARD Management Plan
9.5 Implementing the ARD Management Plan
9.5.1 Mine Planning and Design
9.5.2 Construction
9.5.3 Operations
9.5.4 Monitoring Performance
9.5.5 Adjusting and Modifying the Plan
9.5.5.1 Data Retention
9.5.5.2 Closure Considerations
9.5.5.3 ARD Management FAQ's
9.5.5.4 References

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10.0 Chapter 10: ARD Communication and Consultation (Tisha Greyling)

10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Business Case For Stakeholder Engagement
10.2.1 Corporate social risk and consequences
10.2.2 Benefits of good stakeholder engagement
10.2.3 The role of regulatory and other requirements
10.2.4 In-country laws
10.2.5 International conventions, guidelines and standards
10.2.6 Lenders’ requirements
10.3 Objectives Of Stakeholder Engagement
10.4 Good-Practice Principles And Approaches
10.4.1 Key principles and approaches
10.4.2 Identify stakeholders
10.4.3 Other principles
10.5 Effective Engagement
10.5.1 Within Companies
10.5.2 With Regulators
10.5.3 With Communities
10.5.4 With other stakeholders
10.5.5 Communication and Consultation by Regulators and Communities
10.6 Stakeholder Engagement For Each Mining Phase
10.6.1 Exploration
10.6.2 Assessment
10.6.3 Design
10.6.4 Construction
10.6.5 Operation
10.6.6 Closure and post-closure
10.7 Time, Resources and Costs
10.8 Roles And Responsibilities
10.8.1 The mining company
10.8.2 Government
10.8.3 Stakeholders
10.9 Evaluation and Reporting
10.9.1 Record-keeping
10.9.2 Evaluation
10.9.3 Reporting to neighbors and in-country stakeholders
10.9.4 Reporting internationally
10.10 FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
10.11 References

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11.0 Chapter 11: ARD Management & Sustainability Framework (Beth Beloff)

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Developing Industry, Regulatory and Community Approaches
11.3 Ongoing Research
11.4 Conferences and Training
11.5 ARD Technology FAQ's

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12.0 References

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Figures

Figure 1: Road Map for the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
Figure 2: Generic Mine Water System Indication Potential Drainage Treatment Plant Positions
Figure 3: Generic Range of Drainage Treatment Technologies
Figure 4: The risk-based approach in concept, depicting the relationships between the contaminant (source), the receptor and the pathway that connects them
Figure 5: Implementation of a risk based approach

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Appendices

Appendix A Title
Acronyms
Glossary
Units and Conversion Factors
General Further Reading
Case Studies Listing
ARD Consultant Terms of Reference

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