GuideTOC
From GARDGuide
1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Acid Rock Drainage Management – The Business Case
- 1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
- 1.3.1 Scope
- 1.3.2 Objectives
- 1.4 Relation to Other Guides
- 1.5 Approach of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
- 1.6 Application to Mine Phase
- 1.7 The Sustainable Development Approach
- 1.8 Layout and How to Use the Guide
- 1.8.1 Layout
- 1.8.2 How to Use the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
- 1.9 Chapter References
- List of Figures
- List of Appendices
2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
- 2.2.1 Definition of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
- 2.2.2 Natural vs Anthropogenic Drainage
- 2.3 History of Acid Rock Drainage
- 2.4 The Acid Generation Process
- 2.4.1 Characteristics of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
- 2.4.2 The Global and Geochemical Sulphur Cycles
- 2.4.3 Acid Rock Drainage Sources
- 2.4.4 The Sulphide Oxidation Process
- 2.4.5 Reaction Products from Sulphide Oxidation
- 2.4.6 Neutralization Reactions
- 2.4.7 The Acid Rock Drainage Process and Migration
- 2.4.7.1 Factors directly involved in rate of sulphide oxidation
- 2.4.7.2 Factors that modify drainage resulting from sulphide oxidation
- 2.4.7.3 Receiving environment
- 2.5 Concluding Statement
- 2.6 References
- List of Tables
- List of Figures
3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework
- 3.1 Framework for Management of Acid Rock Drainage
- 3.2 Corporate Guidance
- 3.3 Sustainability and Community Considerations
- 3.4 Global Regulatory Guidance
- 3.5 Country Regulatory Guidance
- 3.6 Risk Considerations
- 3.6.1 Establish the Context (Step 1)
- 3.6.2 Identify the Risks (Step 2)
- 3.6.3 Analyze the Risk (Step 3)
- 3.6.4 Assessment and Prioritization of Risk (Step 4)
- 3.6.5 Risk Management (Treat the Risk) (Step 5)
- 3.6.6 Review and Monitor (Step 6)
- 3.6.7 Risk Priorities
- 3.7 References
- List of Tables
- List of Figures
4.0 Defining The Problem – Characterization
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Site Characterization Approach
- 4.2.1 Conceptual Site Model Development
- 4.2.2 Mine Phases
- 4.2.2.1 Exploration Phase
- 4.2.2.2 Mine Planning Phase
- 4.2.2.3 Construction and Commissioning Phase
- 4.2.2.4 Operational Phase
- 4.2.2.5 Decommissioning Phase
- 4.2.2.6 Post-Closure Phase
- 4.3 Sources of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
- 4.4 Components of Site Characterization
- 4.4.1 Geo-environmental Models
- 4.4.2 Source Material Geochemical Characterization
- 4.4.2.1 Laboratory and Field Testing
- 4.4.2.2 Sample Selection
- 4.4.2.3 Number of Samples Required
- 4.4.3 Watershed Characterization – The Hydrologic Cycle
- 4.4.3.1 Climate
- 4.4.3.2 Hydrology
- 4.4.3.3 Hydrogeology
- 4.4.3.4 Site Wide Water Balance
- 4.4.4 Watershed Characterization - Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Environment
- 4.4.5 Watershed Characterization – Biological Receptors
- 4.4.6 Watershed Characterization – Archaeology and Cultural Value
- 4.5 Selected Characterization Tools
- 4.5.1 Geophysics
- 4.5.1.1 Introduction
- 4.5.1.2 Remote Sensing
- 4.5.1 Geophysics
- 4.6 Summary
- 4.7 References
- List of Tables
- List of Figures
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program
- 5.3 The Acid Rock Drainage Prediction Approach
- 5.3.1 Acid Rock Drainage/Metal Leaching Characterization
- 5.3.2 Description of Phases
- 5.3.2.1 Initial Exploration/Site Reconnaissance Phase
- 5.3.2.2 Advanced Exploration/Detailed Site Investigation Phase
- 5.3.2.3 Prefeasibility Phase
- 5.3.2.4 Feasibility and Permitting Phase
- 5.3.2.5 Implementation Phase
- 5.3.3 Water Quality Prediction
- 5.4 Prediction Tools
- 5.4.1 Introduction
- 5.4.2 Geological and Lithological Investigations
- 5.4.3 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations
- 5.4.4 Geochemical Testing Methods
- 5.4.4.1 Introduction to Geochemical Characterization Program
- 5.4.4.2 Summary of Testing Requirements
- 5.4.4.3 Physical Characteristics
- 5.4.4.4 Chemical Characteristics
- 5.4.4.5 Mineralogical Characteristics
- 5.4.4.6 Laboratory Static Methods
- 5.4.4.7 Laboratory Kinetic Methods
- 5.4.4.8 Field Methods
- 5.4.5 Data Management
- 5.4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
- 5.4.7 Screening and Evaluation Criteria
- 5.4.8 Reporting
- 5.5 Modeling of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage for Characterization and Remediation
- 5.6 Conclusions
- 5.7 References
- List of Tables
- List of Figures
6.0 Chapter 6: Prevention And Mitigation (Ward Wilson)
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation
- 6.3 The ARD Prevention and Mitigation Approach
- 6.4 Relevance of ARD Source
- 6.5 Consideration of ARD Factors
- 6.6 ARD and Metal Leaching and Sulphate Production
- 6.7 Climatic and Other Factors
- 6.8 Phased Approach
- 6.9 Overview of Methods
- 6.9.1 Remining
- 6.9.2 Special Handling Methods
- 6.9.2.1 Incorporation in Mine Plan
- 6.9.2.2 Segregation
- 6.9.2.3 Desulphidization
- 6.9.2.4 Compaction and Physical Tailings Conditioning
- 6.9.2.5 Encapsulation and Layering
- 6.9.2.6 Blending
- 6.9.2.7 Co-disposal
- 6.9.2.8 Permafrost and Freezing
- 6.9.3 Additions and Amendment Methods
- 6.9.3.1 Passivation
- 6.9.3.2 Alkaline materials
- 6.9.3.3 Organics
- 6.9.3.4 Bactericides
- 6.9.4 Water Management Methods
- 6.9.4.1 Hydrodynamic controls
- 6.9.4.2 Dewatering
- 6.9.4.3 Diversion
- 6.9.4.4 Filling
- 6.9.4.5 Seals
- 6.9.5 Dry Cover Methods
- 6.9.5.1 Organic
- 6.9.5.2 Soil
- 6.9.5.3 Limestone and Alkaline
- 6.9.5.4 Synthetic
- 6.9.5.5 Gas
- 6.9.5.6 Vegetation
- 6.9.6 Water Cover Methods
- 6.9.6.1 Subaqueous
- 6.9.6.2 Partial water cover
- 6.9.6.3 Wetland covers
- 6.9.7 Impact Mitigation
- 6.9.7.1 Attenuation
- 6.9.7.2 Dispersion
- 6.9.7.3 Stream Flow Regulation
- 6.9.7.4 Water recycle and reuse
- 6.10 Secondary Impacts
- 6.11 Evaluation of Alternatives
- 6.12 Design and Construction Considerations
- 6.13 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations
- 6.14 Closure and Long-term Considerations
- 6.15 ARD Prevention and Mitigation FAQ's
- 6.16 References
7.0 Chapter 7: Drainage Treatment (Andre Van Niekerk)
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Objectives of Drainage Treatment
- 7.3 The ARD Treatment Approach
- 7.4 Mine Drainage Collection
- 7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies
- 7.6 Recovery of useful products
- 7.7 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies
- 7.8 Frequently asked Questions
- 7.9 References
8.0 Chapter 8: Monitoring (Peter Chapman)
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Objectives of Monitoring
- 8.3 The ARD Monitoring Approach
- 8.3.1 Risk Based Framework
- 8.3.2 Monitoring Components
- 8.4 Problem Formulation
- 8.5 Overview of Monitoring Approaches
- 8.5.1 Implementation Considerations
- 8.5.1.1 Health and Safety
- 8.5.1.2 Freshwater, Estuarine and Saline Receiving Environments
- 8.5.1.3 Source/Near-Field/Far-Field Monitoring
- 8.5.2 Discharge monitoring
- 8.5.3 Reference Comparisons
- 8.5.3.1 Upstream-Downstream
- 8.5.3.2 Gradient Monitoring Design
- 8.5.3.3 Reference Condition Design
- 8.5.4 Exposure Assessment
- 8.5.4.1 Data Collection
- 8.5.4.2 Comparison to Chemical Guidelines
- 8.5.4.3 Mercury Biomagnification
- 8.5.4.4 Environmental Fate
- 8.5.5 Effects Assessment
- 8.5.5.1 Bioavailability
- 8.5.5.2 Toxicity Testing
- 8.5.5.3 Resident Community Structure Alteration
- 8.5.5.4 Investigation of Causation
- 8.5.5.5 The Value of Integrated Assessments
- 8.5.6 Risk Characterisation
- 8.5.7 Uncertainty
- 8.5.8 Monitoring and Management
- 8.5.1 Implementation Considerations
- 8.6 Monitoring Specifics
- 8.6.1 Sampling
- 8.6.2 Analysis
- 8.6.3 QAQC Considerations
- 8.6.3.1 Data Generation and Acquisition
- 8.6.3.2 Data Management
- 8.6.3.3 Data Verification, Validation and Usability
- 8.6.3.4 Performance Assessment and Oversight
- 8.7 ARD Monitoring FAQ's
- 8.8 References
9.0 Chapter 9: Management And Performance Assessment (Karen Clarke-Whistler/Andy Robertson)
- 9.1 Managing and Assessing
- 9.1.1 Management
- 9.1.2 Performance Assessment (PA)
- 9.2 Designing for Closure
- 9.3 Disciplines, Knowledge and Experience Requirements
- 9.4 Developing an ARD Management Plan (MP)
- 9.4.1 Defining the Problem
- 9.4.2 ARD, NMD and Saline Drainage
- 9.4.3 Gathering Data and Information
- 9.4.4 Generating Multiple Solutions
- 9.4.5 Analyzing and Selecting a Solution
- 9.4.5.1 Modelling and Assessment
- 9.4.5.2 Selecting a Solution
- 9.4.6 Testing the Solution
- 9.4.6.1 Testing Assumptions and Designs
- 9.4.6.2 Risk Assessment and Management
- 9.4.7 Assembling the ARD Management Plan
- 9.5 Implementing the ARD Management Plan
- 9.5.1 Mine Planning and Design
- 9.5.2 Construction
- 9.5.3 Operations
- 9.5.4 Monitoring Performance
- 9.5.5 Adjusting and Modifying the Plan
- 9.5.5.1 Data Retention
- 9.5.5.2 Closure Considerations
- 9.5.5.3 ARD Management FAQ's
- 9.5.5.4 References
10.0 Chapter 10: ARD Communication and Consultation (Tisha Greyling)
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 The Business Case For Stakeholder Engagement
- 10.2.1 Corporate social risk and consequences
- 10.2.2 Benefits of good stakeholder engagement
- 10.2.3 The role of regulatory and other requirements
- 10.2.4 In-country laws
- 10.2.5 International conventions, guidelines and standards
- 10.2.6 Lenders’ requirements
- 10.3 Objectives Of Stakeholder Engagement
- 10.4 Good-Practice Principles And Approaches
- 10.4.1 Key principles and approaches
- 10.4.2 Identify stakeholders
- 10.4.3 Other principles
- 10.5 Effective Engagement
- 10.5.1 Within Companies
- 10.5.2 With Regulators
- 10.5.3 With Communities
- 10.5.4 With other stakeholders
- 10.5.5 Communication and Consultation by Regulators and Communities
- 10.6 Stakeholder Engagement For Each Mining Phase
- 10.6.1 Exploration
- 10.6.2 Assessment
- 10.6.3 Design
- 10.6.4 Construction
- 10.6.5 Operation
- 10.6.6 Closure and post-closure
- 10.7 Time, Resources and Costs
- 10.8 Roles And Responsibilities
- 10.8.1 The mining company
- 10.8.2 Government
- 10.8.3 Stakeholders
- 10.9 Evaluation and Reporting
- 10.9.1 Record-keeping
- 10.9.2 Evaluation
- 10.9.3 Reporting to neighbors and in-country stakeholders
- 10.9.4 Reporting internationally
- 10.10 FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
- 10.11 References
11.0 Chapter 11: ARD Management & Sustainability Framework (Beth Beloff)
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Developing Industry, Regulatory and Community Approaches
- 11.3 Ongoing Research
- 11.4 Conferences and Training
- 11.5 ARD Technology FAQ's