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1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Acid Rock Drainage
1.2 Acid Rock Drainage Management – The Business Case
1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.3.1 Scope
1.3.2 Objectives
1.4 Relation to Other Guides
1.5 Approach of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.6 Application to Mine Phase
1.7 The Sustainable Development Approach
1.8 Layout and How to Use the Guide
1.8.1 Layout
1.8.2 How to Use the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.9 Chapter References
List of Figures
List of Appendices

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2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.2.1 Definition of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.2.2 Natural vs Anthropogenic Drainage
2.3 History of Acid Rock Drainage
2.4 The Acid Generation Process
2.4.1 Characteristics of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.4.2 The Global and Geochemical Sulphur Cycles
2.4.3 Acid Rock Drainage Sources
2.4.4 The Sulphide Oxidation Process
2.4.5 Reaction Products from Sulphide Oxidation
2.4.6 Neutralization Reactions
2.4.7 The Acid Rock Drainage Process and Migration
2.5 Concluding Statement
2.6 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework

3.1 Framework for Management of Acid Rock Drainage
3.2 Corporate Guidance
3.2.1 Newmont
3.2.2 Rio Tinto
3.2.3 Relationship to Other Requirements and Issues
3.3 Sustainability and Community Considerations
3.4 Global Regulatory Guidance
3.5 Country Regulatory Guidance
3.5.1 Commonalities in the Regulatory Regimes
3.5.2 United States of America and its States
3.5.3 Canada and its Provinces and Territories
3.5.4 Australia, its States and Territories
3.5.5 European Union (EU)
3.5.6 South Africa
3.5.7 New Zealand
3.5.8 Brazil
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.6 Risk Considerations
3.7 References
List of Tables
List of Figures


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4.0 Defining The Problem – Characterization

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Site Characterization Approach
4.2.1 Conceptual Site Model Development
4.2.2 Mine Phases
4.3 Sources of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
4.3.1 Surface Mining – Open Pit
4.3.2 Underground Mining
4.3.3 Waste Rock and Ore Stockpiles
4.3.4 Tailings Piles and Ponds
4.3.5 In Situ Solution Mines
4.3.6 Heap Leach Piles
4.3.7 Coal and Uranium Mining Specific Acid Rock Drainage Sources
4.4 Components of Site Characterization
4.4.1 Geo-environmental Models
4.4.2 Source Material Geochemical Characterization
4.4.3 Watershed Characterization – The Hydrologic Cycle
4.4.4 Watershed Characterization - Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Environment
4.4.5 Watershed Characterization – Biological Receptors
4.4.6 Watershed Characterization – Archaeology and Cultural Value
4.5 Selected Characterization Tools
4.5.1 Geophysics
4.6 Summary
4.7 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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5.0 Prediction

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program
5.3 The Acid Rock Drainage Prediction Approach
5.3.1 Acid Rock Drainage/Metal Leaching Characterization
5.3.2 Description of Phases
5.3.3 Water Quality Prediction
5.4 Prediction Tools
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Geological and Lithological Investigations
5.4.3 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations
5.4.4 Geochemical Testing Methods
5.4.5 Data Management
5.4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
5.4.7 Screening and Evaluation Criteria
5.4.8 Reporting
5.5 Modeling of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage for Characterization and Remediation
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Geochemical Modeling
5.5.3 Hydrological Modeling
5.5.4 Hydrogeological Modeling
5.5.5 Gas Transport Modeling
5.5.6 Statistical Evaluation
5.6 Conclusions
5.7 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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6.0 Prevention And Mitigation

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Goals and Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation
6.3 Approach to Acid Rock Drainage Prevention and Mitigation
6.4 Drivers of Acid Rock Drainage
6.4.1 Physical Factors
6.4.2 Geochemical Weathering Processes
6.4.3 Climate and Physical Environment
6.5 Phased Approach
6.6 Overview of Best Practice Methods
6.6.1 Avoidance
6.6.2 Re-mining
6.6.3 Special Handling Methods
6.6.4 Additions and Amendment Methods
6.6.5 Water Management Methods
6.6.6 Liners
6.6.7 Dry Cover Methods
6.6.8 Water Cover Methods
6.7 Secondary Impacts
6.8 Selection and Evaluation of Alternatives
6.9 Design and Construction Considerations
6.10 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations
6.11 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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7.0 Drainage Treatment

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objectives of Mine Drainage Treatment
7.3 Mine Drainage Treatment
7.4 Mine Drainage Collection and Management
7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies
7.5.1 Active Treatment Technologies
7.5.2 Passive Treatment Technologies
7.5.3 In situ Treatment Technologies
7.6 Treatment Residues and Wastes
7.7 Recovery of Useful Products
7.8 Treatment in the Context of Mine Closure and Post Closure
7.9 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies
7.10 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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8.0 Monitoring

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Objectives of Monitoring
8.3 The Acid Rock Drainage Monitoring Approach
8.3.1 Conceptual and Dynamic System Model Development
8.3.2 Risk Based Approach to Monitoring Program Development
8.3.3 Monitoring Program Development
8.3.3.1 Data Requirements
8.3.3.2 Statistical Considerations
8.3.3.3 Sampling Locations
8.3.3.4 Sampling Frequency
8.3.3.5 Sampling Methods and Protocols
8.3.3.6 Analytes
8.3.3.7 Laboratory Selection
8.3.3.8 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
8.3.3.9 Health and Safety 20
8.3.4 Data Management and Interpretation
8.3.5 Auditing
8.4 Monitoring Program Components
8.4.1 Acid Rock Drainage Sources
8.4.1.1 Mine Workings
8.4.1.2 Waste Rock Piles
8.4.1.3 Tailings Storage Facility
8.4.2 Pathways
8.4.2.1 Surface Water (Streams and Sediment)
8.4.2.2 Lake Monitoring
8.4.2.3 Marine Monitoring
8.4.2.4 Groundwater
8.4.2.5 Groundwater/Surface Water Interactions
8.4.2.6 Climate
8.4.3 Mitigation Measures
8.4.4 Receptors
8.4.4.1 Establishment of Baseline Conditions
8.4.4.2 Sample Collection
8.4.4.3 Data Evaluation - Exposure Assessment
8.4.4.4 Data Evaluation - Effects Assessment
8.4.4.5 Risk Characterization
8.5 Closure and Long-Term Considerations
8.6 References and Further Reading
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Photos

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9.0 Acid Rock Drainage Management and Peformance Assessment

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Developing Acid Rock Drainage Management Plans
9.2.1 Sustainability Considerations
9.2.2 Mine Life Cycle Considerations
9.2.3 Acid Rock Drainage Control – a Multidisciplinary Task
9.2.4 ARD Maturity and the Mine-Life Cycle
9.2.5 Design for Closure
9.2.6 Engineering Design Process
9.2.7 Risk Assessment, Management, and Contingency Plans
9.2.8 Monitoring Performance and Assessment of Success
9.3 Implementing the Acid Rock Drainage Management Plan
9.3.1 Integrating Acid Rock Drainage Management into Mine and Process Operations
9.3.2 Management System Roles and Responsibilities
9.4 Long-Term Considerations
9.4.1 Design Horizon
9.4.2 Long-Term Resources
9.4.3 Information/Institutional Knowledge Retention
9.4.4 Changing Standards/Stakeholder Needs and Expectations
9.5 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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10.0 Chapter 10: ARD Communication and Consultation (Tisha Greyling)

10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Business Case For Stakeholder Engagement
10.2.1 Corporate social risk and consequences
10.2.2 Benefits of good stakeholder engagement
10.2.3 The role of regulatory and other requirements
10.2.4 In-country laws
10.2.5 International conventions, guidelines and standards
10.2.6 Lenders’ requirements
10.3 Objectives Of Stakeholder Engagement
10.4 Good-Practice Principles And Approaches
10.4.1 Key principles and approaches
10.4.2 Identify stakeholders
10.4.3 Other principles
10.5 Effective Engagement
10.5.1 Within Companies
10.5.2 With Regulators
10.5.3 With Communities
10.5.4 With other stakeholders
10.5.5 Communication and Consultation by Regulators and Communities
10.6 Stakeholder Engagement For Each Mining Phase
10.6.1 Exploration
10.6.2 Assessment
10.6.3 Design
10.6.4 Construction
10.6.5 Operation
10.6.6 Closure and post-closure
10.7 Time, Resources and Costs
10.8 Roles And Responsibilities
10.8.1 The mining company
10.8.2 Government
10.8.3 Stakeholders
10.9 Evaluation and Reporting
10.9.1 Record-keeping
10.9.2 Evaluation
10.9.3 Reporting to neighbors and in-country stakeholders
10.9.4 Reporting internationally
10.10 FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
10.11 References

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Appendices

Appendix A Title
Acronyms
Glossary
Units and Conversion Factors
General Further Reading
Case Studies Listing
ARD Consultant Terms of Reference

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