Figures

1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide

List of Figures

Figure 1-1: Types of Drainage Produced by Sulphide Mineral Oxidation

Figure 1-2: Overall ARD Management Plan

Figure 1-3: Applying an Environmental Management System to ARD

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2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process

List of Tables

Table 2-1: Common Sulphides Known or Inferred to GenerateAcid when Oxidized (Plumlee, 1999)

Table 2-2: Typical NP Values and pH Buffering Ranges for Some Common Minerals (Jambor, 2003; Blowes et al., 2003; BCAMDTF, 1989)

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List of Figures

Figure 2-1: Roman Portal with Acid Rock Drainage – Spain

Figure 2-2: Generalized Conceptual Model of Sources, Pathways and Receiving Environment at a Mine or Processing Site

Figure 2-3: Ficklin Diagram Showing ARD, NMD, and SD as a Function of Dissolved Base Metal Concentrations (Plumlee et al., 1999)

Figure 2-4: Diagram Showing ARD, NMD, and SD as a Function of Sulphate Concentrations

Figure 2-5: Ficklin Diagram Showing Selected Principles that Govern Mine Water Quality (Plumlee et al., 1999)

Figure 2-6: The Global Sulphur Cycle (Stumm and Morgan, 1996). Global Fluxes in Millions Tons of Sulphur per Year and Inventories in Millions Tons of Sulphur

Figure 2-7: The Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle

Figure 2-8: Model for the Oxidation of Pyrite (Stumm and Morgan, 1981). (The numbers in brackets refer to the reactions presented in Section 2.6.4)

Figure 2-9: Schematic Illustration of Normalized Sulphide Oxidation Rates with and without Bacterial Mediation (Robertson and Broughton, 1992)

Figure 2-10: Stages in the Formation of ARD (Broughton and Robertson, 1992). (The numbers in brackets refer to the reactions presented in Chapter 2.6.4.)

Figure 2-11: Schematic Illustration of Factors that Affect Sulphide Oxidation and Modify Mine Drainage during Transport

Figure 2-12: Schematic Illustration of the Effect of Temperature on Normalized Sulphide Oxidation Rates (Robertson and Broughton, 1992)

Figure 2-13: Two-Stage Process for Pyrite Oxidation in a Tailings Impoundment (Wunderly et al., 1996)

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3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework

List of Tables

Table 3-1 : Risk Management Procedure for Mine Sites (modified from Lee, 1999)

Table 3-2: Integrating Risk Approach into ARD/ML Management

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List of Figures

Figure 3-1: Framework for ARD management

Figure 3-2: Hierarchical relationship between Global, National and Local Elements of the Framework

Figure 3-3: Conceptual ARD Management Framework

Figure 3-4: Sustainable Development Balance

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List of Tables

Table 4-1: Mine Phase Objectives and Activities

Table 4-2: Characterization Activities by Mine Phase

Table 4-3: Source Material Characterization Activities by Mine Phase

Table 4-4: Geologic Characteristics of Mineral Deposits that Affect Their Environmental Signatures (Plumlee, 1999)

Table 4-5: Australian Guidance on Sample Numbers (Australian Government Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, 2007)

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List of Figures

Figure 4-1: Components of Site Characterization Program

Figure 4-2: Characterization Chapter Road Map

Figure 4-3: Typical Data Requirements of a Conceptual Site Model (CSM)

Figure 4-4: Example Conceptual Site Model Schematic

Figure 4-5: Major Steps Involved in Extraction Metallurgy of Metals

Figure 4-6: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Pit during Operation and Closure

Figure 4-7: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in Underground Workings during Operation and Closure

Figure 4-8: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Waste Rock Pile

Figure 4-9: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Subaqueous Tailings Storage Facility

Figure 4-10: Source Material Geochemical Testing Program Components

Figure 4-11: Water Balance Box and Arrow Diagram

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5.0 Prediction

List of Tables

Table 5-1: Methods for Geochemical Characterization

Table 5-2: Geologists Observations and Logging of Core for ARD Analysis

Table 5-3: Example Chemistry Table

Table 5-4: Example ABA

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List of Figures

Figure 5-1: Generic Prediction Program Flowchart

Figure 5-2: Generalized Flowchart for the ARD Prediction Approach at Mine Sites (Maest and Kuipers, 2005)

Figure 5-3: Conceptual Model Showing Metal and Acid Source Regions at Iron Mountain and Downstream Transport Pathways to the Sacramento River

Figure 5-4: Flowchart for Metal and Acid Source Regions at Iron Mountain and Downstream Transport Pathways to the Sacramento River

Figure 5-5: Schematic Illustration of Geochemical Characterization Program (modified from Maest and Kuipers, 2005)

Figure 5-6: Example Plot of NP from Total Carbon vs. NP from Modified Sobek

Figure 5-7: Example Plot of Total Sulphur vs. Sulphide Sulphur

Figure 5-8: Example Plot of ABA vs. NAG Results

Figure 5-9: Example Plot of Metal Loadings vs. Sulphate Content

Figure 5-10: Humidity Cells

Figure 5-11: Example Plot of HCT Results

Figure 5-12: Wall Washing

Figure 5-13: Test Cells for Waste Rock

Figure 5-14: Test Plot for Paste Tailings – Somincor Neves Corvo Mine, Portugal

Figure 5-15: Example of Block Model Use: ARD Potential of Pit Highwall Above Final Pit lake

Figure 5-16: Example of Block Model Use: ARD Potential of Pit Wall after Cessation of Mining

Figure 5-17: Decision Tree for the Determination of Acid Generation Potential (AMIRA, 2002)

Figure 5-18: Example Plot of ABA Results and ARD Criteria

Figure 5-19: Generalised Model Process

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6.0 Prevention And Mitigation

List of Tables

Table 6-1: Forms of Codisposal

Table 6-2: Benefits and Considerations of Codisposal

Table 6-3: Benefits and Limitations of Alkaline Amendments

Table 6-4: Considerations and Limitations of Soil Covers

Table 6-5: Benefits and Disadvantages of Synthetic Covers

Table 6-6: Some Considerations for Subaqueous Disposal

Table 6-7: Summary of Prevention and Mitigative Measures and Climate Considerations

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List of Figures

[=[Chapter_6#Figure 6-1|Figure 6-1: Options and Effectiveness with Time (TEAM NT, 2004)]]

Figure 6-2: Waste Rock Pile Structure and Processes (Wilson, 2008b)

Figure 6-3: Adaptive Management Implementation by Phased Approach

Figure 6-4: Methods for Prevention and Mitigation of ARD

Figure 6-5: Coefficient of Diffusion versus Degree of Saturation for Saturated Porous Media

Figure 6-6: Example Waste Rock Encapsulation Strategy

Figure 6-7: Covers and Climate Types (from Holdridge et al., 1971)

Figure 6-8: Sample Soil Covers Designs (MEND, 2001)

Figure 6-9: Sample Configurations of Synthetics in Soil Covers

Figure 6-10: Subaqueous Tailings Disposal

Figure 6-11: Water Cover Processes

Figure 6-12: Prevention and Mitigation Evaluation of Alternatives

Figure 6-13: Comparative Costs for Barrier Cover (CCBE), Complete and Partial Desulphuriztion and Water Cover. (Bussiere and Wilson, 2006)

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List of Tables

Table 7-1: Qualitative Comparison of Different Categories of Treatment

Table 7-2: Alkali Materials and Compounds Applied to ARD Treatment

Table 7-3: Comparative Table Different HDS Process Configurations

Table 7-4: Selection Criteria for Lime Neutralization Processes

Table 7-5: Theoretical Minimum Metal Hydroxide Solubility pH

Table 7-6: Criteria for Selecting an Appropriate Mine-Water Treatment Desalination Technology

Table 7-7: Generic Categories of Passive Treatment Systems

Table 7-8: Postulated Removal Mechanisms of Metals and Mining-related Pollutants in Passive Treatment Systems

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List of Figures

Figure 7-1: Generic Mine Water System Indicating Potential Position for a Drainage Treatment Facility

Figure 7-2: Generic Range of Drainage Treatment Technologies

Figure 7-3: Basic HDS Process Configuration

Figure 7-4: Integrated Limestone / Lime Neutralization Process

Figure 7-5: Simplified Ettringite Precipitation Process Diagram

Figure 7-6: Conceptual High Recovery Membrane Desalination Process

Figure 7-7: Concept SPARRO Process Flow Diagram

Figure 7-8: Conceptual GYPCIX®ion Exchange Treatment Process

Figure 7-9: Generic Biological Sulphate Removal Process Configuration

Figure 7-10: Selection of Passive Treatment Technology Chart

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