Chapter 8

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8.0 Chapter 8: Monitoring (Peter Chapman)

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Objectives of Monitoring
8.3 The ARD Monitoring Approach
8.3.1 Risk Based Framework
8.3.2 Monitoring Components
8.4 Problem Formulation
8.4.1 Site Definition
8.4.2 Contaminants of Potential Concern (COPCs)
8.4.3 Receptors of Potential Concern (ROPCs)
8.4.4 Assessment and Measurement Endpoints
8.4.5 Reference Areas/Locations
8.4.6 Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
8.4.7 Risk Hypotheses
8.4.8 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)
8.5 Overview of Monitoring Approaches
8.5.1 Implementation Considerations
8.5.1.1 Health and Safety
8.5.1.2 Freshwater, Estuarine and Saline Receiving Environments
8.5.1.3 Source/Near-Field/Far-Field Monitoring
8.5.2 Discharge monitoring
8.5.3 Reference Comparisons
8.5.3.1 Upstream-Downstream
8.5.3.2 Gradient Monitoring Design
8.5.3.3 Reference Condition Design
8.5.4 Exposure Assessment
8.5.4.1 Data Collection
8.5.4.2 Comparison to Chemical Guidelines
8.5.4.3 Mercury Biomagnification
8.5.4.4 Environmental Fate
8.5.5 Effects Assessment
8.5.5.1 Bioavailability
8.5.5.2 Toxicity Testing
8.5.5.3 Resident Community Structure Alteration
8.5.5.4 Investigation of Causation
8.5.5.5 The Value of Integrated Assessments
8.5.6 Risk Characterisation
8.5.7 Uncertainty
8.5.8 Monitoring and Management
8.6 Monitoring Specifics
8.6.1 Sampling
8.6.2 Analysis
8.6.3 QAQC Considerations
8.6.3.1 Data Generation and Acquisition
8.6.3.2 Data Management
8.6.3.3 Data Verification, Validation and Usability
8.6.3.4 Performance Assessment and Oversight
8.7 ARD Monitoring FAQ's
8.8 References