GuideTOC

1.0 Chapter 1: The GARD Guide

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 ARD Management - The Business Case
• 1.3 Scope and Objectives of the GARD Guide
• 1.4 Relation to other guides
• 1.5 Approach of the GARD Guide
  • 1.5.1 ARD/NMD/SD
  • 1.5.2 Mine Phase
  • 1.5.3 Facility
  • 1.5.4 Climate
  • 1.5.5 Commodity
• 1.6 Sustainability
• 1.7 Layout and How to Use

2.0 Chapter 2: The ARD Process (Rens Verburg)

• 2.1 Definition of ARD and Key Terms
• 2.2 History and Impacts of ARD
• 2.3 Implications of ARD to companies, governments and public
• 2.4 The Acid Generation Process
  • 2.4.1 The Sulphur Cycle and Weathering Products
  • 2.4.2 ARD Process & Migration
• 2.5 Neutral and Saline Mine Drainage
• 2.6 References

3.0 Chapter 3: Corporate, Regulatory And Community Framework (John Wates)

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 GARD Guide Road Map
• 3.3 Corporate Guidance
• 3.4 Sustainability Considerations
• 3.5 Regulatory Guidance
  • 3.5.1 Global Regulatory Guidance
  • 3.5.2 Country Regulatory Guidance
    • 3.5.2.1 Australia
    • 3.5.2.2 Canada
    • 3.5.2.3 Chile
    • 3.5.2.4 China
    • 3.5.2.5 EU
    • 3.5.2.6 Indonesia
    • 3.5.2.7 Peru
    • 3.5.2.8 Russia
    • 3.5.2.9 South Africa
    • 3.5.2.10 USA
    • 3.5.2.11 Others
• 3.6 Mine Phase Considerations
  • 3.6.1 Assessment and early prediction
    • 3.6.1.1 Exploration
    • 3.6.1.2 Assessment
  • 3.6.2 Monitoring, prevention, treatment and mitigation
    • 3.6.1.3 Design
    • 3.6.1.4 Construction
    • 3.6.1.5 Operation
  • 3.6.3 Long-term management measures
    • 3.6.3.6 Closure
    • 3.6.3.7 Post Closure
  • 3.7 Neutral and Saline Mine Drainage
  • 3.8 ARD Guidance FAQ's
  • 3.9 References

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4.0 Chapter 4: Defining The Problem – Characterization (Devin Castendyk)

• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Problem Definition Approach and Site Characterization
  • 4.2.1 Exploration Phase
  • 4.2.2 Assessment Phase
  • 4.2.3 Mine Design Phase
  • 4.2.4 Construction and Operation Phase
  • 4.2.5 Closure Phase
  • 4.2.6 Post Closure Phase
• 4.3 Characterization Methods
  • 4.3.1 Sampling
  • 4.3.2 Geophysical methods
  • 4.3.3 Remote Sensing
• 4.4 Characterization of Potential Sources of ARD, NMD and SD
• 4.5 Commodity Specific Considerations
• 4.6 Approach for Risk Assessment Applied to ARD
• 4.7 ARD Problem Definition FAQ's
• 4.8 Chapter Conclusions
• 4.9 References

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5.0 Chapter 5: Prediction (Kirk Nordstrom)

• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program
• 5.3 The ARD Prediction Approach
• 5.4 Relevance of ARD Source
• 5.5 Consideration of ARD Factors
• 5.6 Climatic Factors
• 5.7 ARD , Metal Leaching and Sulphate Production
• 5.8 Data Needs for Prediction
• 5.9 Prediction Tools
  • 5.9.1 Geology and Lithological Considerations
  • 5.9.2 Mineralogical Investigations
  • 5.9.3 Field Measurements and Assessments
  • 5.9.4 Geophysical Investigations
  • 5.9.5 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations
  • 5.9.6 Overview of Testing Methods
    • 5.9.6.1 Static Methods
    • 5.9.6.2 Kinetic Methods
• 5.10 Geochemical Modeling of ARD for Characterization and Remediation
• 5.11 Relation to ARD Mitigation Methods
• 5.12 Evaluation Approaches
  • 5.12.1 NMD and Saline Drainage Considerations
  • 5.12.2 Scale-up Considerations
  • 5.12.3 "Yes/no" Prediction
  • 5.12.4 Quantitative ARD Prediction
• 5.13 Certainty of Prediction
• 5.14 Usefulness and Limitations of Geochemical Modeling
• 5.15 ARD Prediction FAQ's
• 5.16 References

6.0 Chapter 6: Prevention And Mitigation (Ward Wilson)

• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation
• 6.3 The ARD Prevention and Mitigation Approach
• 6.4 Relevance of ARD Source
• 6.5 Consideration of ARD Factors
• 6.6 ARD and Metal Leaching and Sulphate Production
• 6.7 Climatic and Other Factors
• 6.8 Phased Approach
• 6.9 Overview of Methods
  • 6.9.1 Remining
  • 6.9.2 Special Handling Methods
    • 6.9.2.1 Incorporation in Mine Plan
    • 6.9.2.2 Segregation
    • 6.9.2.3 Desulphidization
    • 6.9.2.4 Compaction and Physical Tailings Conditioning
    • 6.9.2.5 Encapsulation and Layering
    • 6.9.2.6 Blending
    • 6.9.2.7 Co-disposal
    • 6.9.2.8 Permafrost and Freezing
  • 6.9.3 Additions and Amendment Methods
    • 6.9.3.1 Passivation
    • 6.9.3.2 Alkaline materials
    • 6.9.3.3 Organics
    • 6.9.3.4 Bactericides
  • 6.9.4 Water Management Methods
    • 6.9.4.1 Hydrodynamic controls
    • 6.9.4.2 Dewatering
    • 6.9.4.3 Diversion
    • 6.9.4.4 Filling
    • 6.9.4.5 Seals
  • 6.9.5 Dry Cover Methods
    • 6.9.5.1 Organic
    • 6.9.5.2 Soil
    • 6.9.5.3 Limestone and Alkaline
    • 6.9.5.4 Synthetic
    • 6.9.5.5 Gas
    • 6.9.5.6 Vegetation
  • 6.9.6 Water Cover Methods
    • 6.9.6.1 Subaqueous
    • 6.9.6.2 Partial water cover
    • 6.9.6.3 Wetland covers
  • 6.9.7 Impact Mitigation
    • 6.9.7.1 Attenuation
    • 6.9.7.2 Dispersion
    • 6.9.7.3 Stream Flow Regulation
    • 6.9.7.4 Water recycle and reuse
• 6.10 Secondary Impacts
• 6.11 Evaluation of Alternatives
• 6.12 Design and Construction Considerations
• 6.13 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations
• 6.14 Closure and Long-term Considerations
• 6.15 ARD Prevention and Mitigation FAQ's
• 6.16 References

7.0 Chapter 7: Drainage Treatment (Andre Van Niekerk)

• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Objectives of Drainage Treatment
• 7.3 The ARD Treatment Approach
• 7.4 Mine Drainage Collection
• 7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies
  • 7.5.1 Active Treatment
  • 7.5.2 Passive treatment technologies
  • 7.5.3 Treatment residues and wastes
• 7.6 Recovery of useful products
• 7.7 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies
• 7.8 Frequently asked Questions
• 7.9 References

8.0 Chapter 8: Monitoring (Peter Chapman)

• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Objectives of Monitoring
• 8.3 The ARD Monitoring Approach
  • 8.3.1 Risk Based Framework
  • 8.3.2 Monitoring Components
• 8.4 Problem Formulation
  • 8.4.1 Site Definition
  • 8.4.2 Contaminants of Potential Concern (COPCs)
  • 8.4.3 Receptors of Potential Concern (ROPCs)
  • 8.4.4 Assessment and Measurement Endpoints
  • 8.4.5 Reference Areas/Locations
  • 8.4.6 Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
  • 8.4.7 Risk Hypotheses
  • 8.4.8 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)
• 8.5 Overview of Monitoring Approaches
  • 8.5.1 Implementation Considerations
    • 8.5.1.1 Health and Safety
    • 8.5.1.2 Freshwater, Estuarine and Saline Receiving Environments
    • 8.5.1.3 Source/Near-Field/Far-Field Monitoring
  • 8.5.2 Discharge monitoring
  • 8.5.3 Reference Comparisons
    • 8.5.3.1 Upstream-Downstream
    • 8.5.3.2 Gradient Monitoring Design
    • 8.5.3.3 Reference Condition Design
  • 8.5.4 Exposure Assessment
    • 8.5.4.1 Data Collection
    • 8.5.4.2 Comparison to Chemical Guidelines
    • 8.5.4.3 Mercury Biomagnification
    • 8.5.4.4 Environmental Fate
  • 8.5.5 Effects Assessment
    • 8.5.5.1 Bioavailability
    • 8.5.5.2 Toxicity Testing
    • 8.5.5.3 Resident Community Structure Alteration
    • 8.5.5.4 Investigation of Causation
    • 8.5.5.5 The Value of Integrated Assessments
  • 8.5.6 Risk Characterisation
  • 8.5.7 Uncertainty
  • 8.5.8 Monitoring and Management
• 8.6 Monitoring Specifics
  • 8.6.1 Sampling
  • 8.6.2 Analysis
  • 8.6.3 QAQC Considerations
    • 8.6.3.1 Data Generation and Acquisition
    • 8.6.3.2 Data Management
    • 8.6.3.3 Data Verification, Validation and Usability
    • 8.6.3.4 Performance Assessment and Oversight
• 8.7 ARD Monitoring FAQ's
• 8.8 References

9.0 Chapter 9: Management And Performance Assessment (Karen Clarke-Whistler/Andy Robertson)

• 9.1 Managing and Assessing
  • 9.1.1 Management
  • 9.1.2 Performance Assessment (PA)
• 9.2 Designing for Closure
• 9.3 Disciplines, Knowledge and Experience Requirements
• 9.4 Developing an ARD Management Plan (MP)
  • 9.4.1 Defining the Problem
  • 9.4.2 ARD, NMD and Saline Drainage
  • 9.4.3 Gathering Data and Information
  • 9.4.4 Generating Multiple Solutions
  • 9.4.5 Analyzing and Selecting a Solution
    • 9.4.5.1 Modelling and Assessment
    • 9.4.5.2 Selecting a Solution
  • 9.4.6 Testing the Solution
    • 9.4.6.1 Testing Assumptions and Designs
    • 9.4.6.2 Risk Assessment and Management
  • 9.4.7 Assembling the ARD Management Plan
• 9.5 Implementing the ARD Management Plan
  • 9.5.1 Mine Planning and Design
  • 9.5.2 Construction
  • 9.5.3 Operations
  • 9.5.4 Monitoring Performance
  • 9.5.5 Adjusting and Modifying the Plan
    • 9.5.5.1 Data Retention
    • 9.5.5.2 Closure Considerations
    • 9.5.5.3 ARD Management FAQ's
    • 9.5.5.4 References

10.0 Chapter 10: ARD Communication and Consultation (Tisha Greyling)

• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 The Business Case For Stakeholder Engagement
  • 10.2.1 Corporate social risk and consequences
  • 10.2.2 Benefits of good stakeholder engagement
  • 10.2.3 The role of regulatory and other requirements
  • 10.2.4 In-country laws
  • 10.2.5 International conventions, guidelines and standards
  • 10.2.6 Lenders’ requirements
• 10.3 Objectives Of Stakeholder Engagement
• 10.4 Good-Practice Principles And Approaches
  • 10.4.1 Key principles and approaches
  • 10.4.2 Identify stakeholders
  • 10.4.3 Other principles
• 10.5 Effective Engagement
  • 10.5.1 Within Companies
  • 10.5.2 With Regulators
  • 10.5.3 With Communities
  • 10.5.4 With other stakeholders
  • 10.5.5 Communication and Consultation by Regulators and Communities
• 10.6 Stakeholder Engagement For Each Mining Phase
  • 10.6.1 Exploration
  • 10.6.2 Assessment
  • 10.6.3 Design
  • 10.6.4 Construction
  • 10.6.5 Operation
  • 10.6.6 Closure and post-closure
• 10.7 Time, Resources and Costs
• 10.8 Roles And Responsibilities
  • 10.8.1 The mining company
  • 10.8.2 Government
  • 10.8.3 Stakeholders
• 10.9 Evaluation and Reporting
  • 10.9.1 Record-keeping
  • 10.9.2 Evaluation
  • 10.9.3 Reporting to neighbors and in-country stakeholders
  • 10.9.4 Reporting internationally
• 10.10 FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
• 10.11 References

11.0 Chapter 11: ARD Management & Sustainability Framework (Beth Beloff)

• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Developing Industry, Regulatory and Community Approaches
• 11.3 Ongoing Research
• 11.4 Conferences and Training
• 11.5 ARD Technology FAQ's

Figures

• Figure 1: Road Map for the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
• Figure 2: Generic Mine Water System Indication Potential Drainage Treatment Plant Positions
• Figure 3: Generic Range of Drainage Treatment Technologies
• Figure 4: The risk-based approach in concept, depicting the relationships between the contaminant (source), the receptor and the pathway that connects them
• Figure 5: Implementation of a risk based approach

Appendices

• Appendix A Title
• Acronyms
• Glossary
• Units and Conversion Factors
• General Further Reading
• Case Studies Listing
• ARD Consultant Terms of Reference